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This set of four counter-height stools pairs clean lines with a utilitarian edge, ideal for kitchens, breakfast bars, or casual dining spaces. Each stool features a contoured wooden seat with visible grain that adds natural texture and warmth. The black metal frame includes a built-in footrest and flared legs for added stability. With armless profiles, they tuck easily under counters to help save space. Plus, the stackable design makes storage simple, whether you're cleaning up after guests or rearranging your space.

They’re really easy because they fit really perfect. I love the recommended for the price.. Stephanie. Tue Jul 21 2026

This 2-piece set of low-backed stools adds a modern industrial feel to your kitchen or bar with its sled-style base and mixed material design. They're crafted from iron, and their foam-filled seats boast faux leather upholstery. We love that these bucket stools have a built-in footrest for added support. Plus, they come with plastic glides on their feet to help protect your floors from scrapes and scratches. These stools require partial assembly, but they come with everything needed to make setup a breeze.

We love our new counter stools! They were easy to assemble and are very pleasing to the eye. The color is a beautiful caramel and goes great with our other decor.. Virginia. Evanston, IL. Tue Mar 03 2026

This bar stool brings a bold, vintage-inspired look to just about any location. It features a ladder-style back and four curved legs that hold a circular footrest in place. This stool is crafted from powder-coated steel with a sleek black finish, and the vinyl-covered seat is generously padded with foam for just the right amount of support. We love the 360° swivel that lets you turn effortlessly to the table or the nearest conversation. Glides on the feet protect your floors from scratches and scuffs.

Beautiful stools easy to assemble. Anonymous. Sun Mar 22 2026

This 4-piece counter stool set brings a modern edge to your kitchen or dining area. Each stool is crafted with a steel frame and features a full back and a rectangular base for a sleek silhouette. The seats are made from engineered wood in a rich dark brown hue, offering a warm contrast to the metallic legs. These stools come with built-in footrests, making them a comfy spot for breakfast or casual dinners. Plus, they’re designed to resist stains, rust, and scratches, so they're ready for everyday use. Bonus: Rubber pads on the feet help protect your floors from scuffs.

Perfect! There is a similar version of these stools on the site, but I liked that these came as a set of four. They are well-made without breaking the bank, and were very easy to assemble. I would say it took me about thirty minutes to assemble all four; the instructions were straightforward and I appreciated that the tool was provided. Another thing I liked is that they were thoroughly wrapped and packaged to prevent scratches, which was great considering dings and knicks show up quickly on black.. Anonymous. Gonzales, LA. Fri Jun 26 2026

High-backed barstool and big seat add a more modern and trendy , featuring an ergonomic one-piece seat that contours to your back and behind, for unmatched relaxation

Somewhat difficult to assemble withiut bending legs manually, but are sturdy and look good.. Brian. Norfork, AR. Sat May 30 2026

This set of four stools gives you a spot to enjoy drinks with friends while also showing off some modern industrial style.

The stools work great in my kitchen. Easy to put together, good quality. Order to delivery, no complaints.. Robin. Michigan. Mon Apr 27 2026

High-backed barstool and big seat add a more modern and trendy , featuring an ergonomic one-piece seat that contours to your back and behind, for unmatched relaxation

These are great chairs they’re sturdy and I like the wood texture the color is nice put together was not hard. Janice. US. Sat May 16 2026

Arriving as a 4-piece set, this stool is perfect for bringing an industrial touch to your home bar, dining area, or kitchen. The frame is crafted from steel with a distinctive finish of your choice, while the seats are a warm brown wood tone for a hint of rustic charm. We love the backless design that makes this collection stackable or easy to slide under tables to save on space when not in use. Stretchers on all four sides serve as convenient footrests. And each stool can accommodate up to 330 lbs.

These stools are easy to put together. They arrived nicely packaged. They are light weight, and work great in my space.. Catherine. Midland, TX. Wed Jun 10 2026

This upholstered counter stool brings a clean, modern aesthetic to your home bar setup. Velvet upholstery covers the seat and back, providing a soft texture that elevates your everyday dining experience. The integrated arms offer a supportive feel while you relax, while the straight metal legs provide a reliable base. A built-in footrest offers a convenient place to rest your feet during morning coffee or evening drinks. It's a versatile seating option that fits seamlessly under standard counter surfaces. Plus, the stain-resistant fabric makes cleaning up spills completely effortless.

In love with these barstools. The material is soft and plush. The legs are very sturdy. When assembling these stools I had no issue at all the directions were so simple. Wonderful addition to my living room.. Paris. Blacklick, OH. Tue Jul 07 2026

Durable enough for use in the shop or cafe, and stylish enough to use at home, the best choice for the office, party, or any occasion, the stalest choice for the office, party, or any occasion, add a wooden seat on the basic bar stool. The back can be removed if you don't need it.

Easy to assemble the back and the seats uses screws the chairs are nice and sturdy…... Eric. Sun Jul 12 2026

This 24'' bar stool (set of four) is stylish, it is a very good choice to put in the dining room, kitchen, bedroom, and bar counter! The legs are grooved for easy stacking and improved space utilization. The X-shaped frame at the bottom enhances the load-bearing capacity and stability. The holes on the stool surface are designed to be breathable and easy to drain for easy cleaning.

Ordered these for my office kitchenette. The color is perfect! They are pretty short, however, so make sure to get your dimensions before ordering. Otherwise, I love them.. Anonymous. Thu Jul 23 2026

These bar stools for kitchen island combine comfort, style, and durability, making them a versatile choice for any home or commercial space. With seat height options of 26" for 34"-40" counters and 30" for 40"-44" counters, these bar height bar stools and counter height bar stools fit perfectly with different setups. Featuring a mid-century modern design with refined zigzag stitching, these bar chairs bring elegance to kitchens, dining rooms, cafes, pubs, and more. The padded cushions with high-density foam provide lasting comfort, while the sturdy metal frame supports up to 300 lbs and includes adjustable anti-slip foot pads for stability. Upholstered in waterproof PU leather with a rust-resistant finish, these barstools are easy to clean and maintain. Designed for hassle-free assembly, each bar stool can be set up in minutes, offering both convenience and long-term use.

We really like these for the kitchen island. They are easy to put together as well.. Heather. Cairo, GA. Wed Jul 15 2026

High-backed barstool and big seat add a more modern and trendy , featuring an ergonomic one-piece seat that contours to your back and behind, for unmatched relaxation

The bottom part hit the back of your legs ... The barstood look great other than that ... The seat is wide and the color is cute .... Felicia. Macon, GA. Tue Jul 21 2026

This 4-piece bar stool set offers a touch of industrial farmhouse charm to your kitchen island or home bar. Its sleek metal frame creates a sturdy foundation, complementing both traditional and modern decor. It is built with a supportive high-back design, and it features a square wooden seat with natural wood grain. This stool provides a comfortable spot to enjoy your morning coffee or gather with friends for an evening drink. It also includes built-in footrests for added comfort while seated.

Great chairs for the price. Seem durable and should last for years.. Jason. Salinas, CA. Sun Feb 08 2026

This set of four stools gives you a spot to enjoy drinks with friends while also showing off some modern industrial style.

Really cute. Great value!! Looks just like pictures. Kind of a pain to assemble. Use a drill with an Allen key bit. Secure the center screw on each leg first. But a great buy for the price.. Kim. Mccall, ID. Fri Feb 27 2026

High-backed barstool and big seat add a more modern and trendy , featuring an ergonomic one-piece seat that contours to your back and behind, for unmatched relaxation

Very study and looks beautiful in my kitchen.. Michelle. Newark, NJ. Mon Jul 06 2026

Arriving as a 4-piece set, this bar stool outfits your outdoor eating space as well as kitchen and dining areas with a casual vibe. It features an X bracket under the seat that provides exceptional reinforcement, while stretchers on all four sides double as handy footrests. Crafted from high-quality iron and steel that's also water-resistant, this collection comes in a solid hue of your choice to suit your overall style. Suitable for bars, restaurants, kitchens, and other environments. Each backless stool in this set can support up to 330 lbs.

So happy with these stools. We bought them for our outdoor bar. They are the perfect height. Well packaged and arrived in perfect condition.. Geraldine. Islip, NY. Wed May 13 2026

This set of 2 stools gives you a spot to enjoy drinks with friends while also showing off some modern industrial style.

Exactly what I wanted. The stools are sturdy, well made and easy to put together. I wanted something with a back that tucked under the counter and you can see it does.. Suzanne. Sat Mar 28 2026

This 4-piece set of stools brings an industrial edge to your kitchen island or home bar. Each stool features a frame made from steel with a dark finish that highlights its clean lines. The seat is crafted from engineered wood and features visible woodgrain for added depth, providing a mixed-material look that works well in modern or rustic spaces. Integrated footrests give you a spot to rest your feet, while the four-legged base provides a stable foundation for your morning coffee or evening snacks. We also love that rubber pads are included on the feet to protect your floors from scratches.

Easy to put together. Very sturdy. Jeremiah. Sherwood, AR. Mon Jun 29 2026

This 2-piece set of counter stools brings an industrial look to your space, pairing a clean-lined steel frame with an engineered wood seat. The backless profile easily tucks away under your table or counter to save precious square footage when they're not in use. A built-in footrest offers a supportive place to rest your feet, while the smooth swivel mechanism lets you turn freely. Designed with visible woodgrain for added depth, each stool coordinates effortlessly with a variety of decor styles. Plus, the adjustable height feature allows you to customize the seating to match your counter.

These stools are heavy duty and extremely sturdy. The color is great!. Melinda. Winchester, CA. Sun Jul 05 2026

This 2-piece set of counter stools elevates your kitchen counter or home bar with a sleek, modern look. Each is crafted from solid, kiln-dried wood with a four-legged base, clean lines, and a built-in footrest. The matching seat design features a minimalist silhouette with a full, gently curved back for support — we love that it's also padded with foam and wrapped in a PU Leather. Both counter stools have a seat height of just over 2' tall.

Great addition to our kitchen countertop. Sturdy and comfortable! Love them!. Kristin. Dallas, TX. Thu Mar 19 2026

This 4-piece set of stools brings an industrial look with clean lines to update your home. Each stool features a powder-coated metal frame that creates a stable foundation, while the contoured saddle seat provides a supportive seating option. A low backrest design maintains a tailored, low-profile silhouette that helps maximize open sightlines across your counter layout. The armless design makes it easy to slide each piece completely out of the way when they're not in use. Plus, integrated rubber pads attached underneath help protect your floors from scratches.

Love love these stools. I love the matte black finish and the interesting shaped seat. These are great for indoor or outdoor use.. Shannon. Nashville. Mon Apr 27 2026

This dining stool helps you build a breakfast nook in the kitchen or jazz up that covered patio bar. Constructed entirely from steel, it comes in a solid hue of your choice to fit your desired aesthetic and color scheme to a T. It features a curved silhouette and a simple slat back to round out this more industrial design that looks great in both residential and commercial spaces. Convenient footrests make you want to enjoy your morning coffee or your favorite evening beverage for just a little longer. Each stool has a weight capacity of 500 lbs.

Very sturdy & good quality, I saw elsewhere for a much higher cost. Love the vivid colors!. Ana. SC. Wed Jun 17 2026

This set of four stools gives you a spot to enjoy drinks with friends while also showing off some modern industrial style.

Ordered 2 sets for our remodeled kitchen in Monterey. They fit perfectly, are comfortable and look great. Very easy to assemble, 30 minutes for all 4. Would definitely order again. Colleen. Monterey, CA. Fri Mar 20 2026

This 4-piece set of bar and counter chairs brings a clean and simple feel to your home. Detachable legs can save a lot of space in your room when you don't have to use these stools. Each stool's frame is made from metal with a black finish, and they stand on four-legged bases with detachable footrest bars.

These worked for my bar perfectly. Lillie. Reedy, WV. Tue Jul 07 2026

Invite family and friends over to hang out at your home bar or around your kitchen island on these comfortable colorful metal dining stools. Bring outdoors to enjoy the warm weather on your patio while sitting around your patio table. The versatile bar stool will look great in any environment: kitchen, restaurants, bars, bistros, or your local greasy spoon. If you're looking for a trendy stool for your restaurant that will hold its style throughout the years, this colorful restaurant bar stool will not disappoint. Crafted from durable galvanized steel metal polished in a glossy finish, this black metal stool with back was designed to withstand regular use in the fast-paced restaurant industry. Patrons have a suitable resting place for their feet for comfort if your bar or bar height table doesn't include a footrest. Uneven floors are no problem with adjustable screw leveling floor glides. Pair these kitchen stools with our matching metal chairs to have seating at your dining table, kitchen island and home bar. Coordinate the seating in your restaurant with the same style of seating at your bar and restaurant tables. These bar chairs can be used year-round outside, for longevity protect the frame from long periods of wet weather.

Exact color Kelly green as represented in the picture. Very happy with these sturdy stools. Hilary. Madison, NJ. Fri Mar 06 2026

This 2-piece set of counter stools brings a classic, streamlined look to your space. Featuring a supportive low back and integrated arms, each stool is upholstered in soft linen fabric that stands up to everyday use. The steel frame provides a steady foundation, while the seat's built-in swivel allows you to turn 360° with ease during casual conversations. It's an easy way to elevate your seating setup while maximizing comfort. Plus, the built-in circular footrest gives you a supportive spot to rest your feet.

Comfortable chairs I like the swivel feature. The color was what I expected.. Anonymous. Fri Jul 17 2026

These modern bar height stools add functional, stylish, and durable seating to any home or patio bar, restaurant, kitchen, bistro, or other commercial or residential space. Boasting a ladder back design, upholstery, and thick, foam padded seat, the outdoor barstools are as comfortable as they are attractive. The armless design allows you to tuck away the barstools under the bar to free up floor space when not in use so you can clean your restaurant with ease. The sturdy frame is stabilized using a support bar which doubles as a footrest, and the simple, lightweight design with protective floor glides allows for easy movement. The durable 18-gauge steel frame supports up to 500 pounds of static weight.

Wayfair had what I needed at a great value and free shipping.. Sharon. US. Sat May 09 2026

These 24-inch counter height modern, curved-back kitchen island chairs are designed for comfort and style. Featuring a luxurious bouclé fabric, these bar stools with a backrest provide a cozy seating experience. Their sleek, curved back design adds a touch of elegance to your space. Ideal for kitchen counters, these stools prioritize both comfort and aesthetics, making them the perfect addition to home.

Easy to put together! Love them. Anonymous. Wed Mar 04 2026

This 2-piece set of upholstered barstools pairs a clean silhouette with industrial modern influences for a fresh look in your home. The seats are wrapped in smooth faux leather upholstery, delivering a soft texture that easily wipes clean with a damp cloth. A structured backrest provides a supportive feel during meals or casual conversations, while the metal legs keep the profile balanced and grounded. The armless design makes it simple to tuck them neatly under your counter to maximize your floor real estate. Plus, integrated built-in footrests offer a comfortable spot to rest your feet while sitting.

Easy to build. I was worried because I could not tell if the "brown" color was going to look orange and it does not. It looks the way a cognac brown should look. These chairs are a quick and easy build, also very comfortable. Looks really nice.. Haley. WA. Thu May 28 2026

This versatile backless bar stool is the perfect choice to enhance your space! Made of high-quality metal and waterproof, the bar stool features a cross-braced structure underneath the seat, greatly improving stability, seating and reliable load-carrying capacity, the four-sided stand serves as a convenient footrest. The simple, clean lines are modern and easy to incorporate into a variety of decorative styles, suitable for bars, restaurants, kitchens and other environments. The stool adopts the stackable design, which greatly saves the storage space, realizes the efficient storage, and keeps the space clean and orderly.

Love how these stools finish off my farmhouse look in my kitchen. Great quality would buy again.. Brooklyn. Carlyle, IL. Fri Jun 05 2026

This set of four stools gives you a spot to enjoy drinks with friends while also showing off some modern industrial style.

Exactly like the photo. I love that they came mostly assembled too. You just have to attach the wooden seat. Super easy!. Laura. United States. Mon Jun 01 2026

Add a touch of transitional charm to any space with this handsome counter stool. A classic x-back design perfectly complements the bold finish that is coated in a durable lacquer, giving it a subtle shine that is resistant to scuffs and easy to clean. The sturdy frame is constructed with solid rubberwood and bentwood, accommodating weights of up to 350 lbs.

Great chairs! Work perfectly for our bar.. Margie. Greensboro, NC. Sun Apr 26 2026

Modern meets masculine in our 24 inch open back industrial style counter stool. It’s the perfect size for gathering around a kitchen island or as extra seating at the dining table. Featuring a simple frame design with a black sand blast finish, our metal bar stool is industrial styling at its best. A neutral tan cushion with a textured weave contrasts nicely with the counter stool’s sleek metal look. With an extra foot bar for enhanced comfort, our metal counter stools also come in a range of neutral fabrics. Easy to assemble and maintain.

Bought 2 for my small counter. Perfect and unobtrusive. Recommend!. Mona. Little Neck, NY. Tue Jul 14 2026

These counter stools bring a modern industrial vibe to your kitchen island or bar area. They arrive in a set of four, and they're crafted with an iron frame and splayed legs in your choice of neutral finish. The bucket-style seat with low backrests is wrapped in foam-filled faux leather upholstery for lots of cushioned support while you enjoy meals and conversation with friends and family. We also love how the wraparound footrests keep your feet cozy, too. Plus, the plastic glides on the legs help protect your floors from scratches and scuffs. Accommodates up to 300 lbs.

What can I say but - SCORE!!!! These chairs are perfect and I’m happy that I got them on sale! Absolutely beautiful.. Jacira. Conyers, GA. Sat May 30 2026

This set gives you a spot to enjoy drinks with friends while also showing off some modern industrial style. Each piece is made of powder-coated metal and uses a distressing craft similar to the form of graffiti to make the stool unique, whether you place them in your kitchen or out on your patio. This set is ideal for high-traffic areas and homes with pets and kids. They don't take up space when not in use.

Took 8 hours to assemble 1 chair with the allen wrench but only a half hour to finish the other 3 with a drill. They are great for the price.. Jennifer Barnett. US. Fri Jul 10 2026

These modern metal bar stools blend style and functionality. With footrests for comfort and a sleek finish, they’re ideal for your kitchen or bar area and designed to complement various decor styles with ease.

High quality and perfect height for our bar. Would buy again and highly recommend!. Amanda. Sevierville, TN. Thu Feb 26 2026

The stools can meet many needs of your daily life. Stools are constructed of scratch-resistant steel with a water and rust resistant coating for durability. X-braces under the seat provide additional stability and durability. With a backless design, the bar stool is easy to store and use, and stacks effortlessly when not in use, making it perfect for small spaces or parties. Whether you are at home or in a commercial setting, indoors or outdoors, this bar stool is the perfect choice for you!

sturdy and fits perfect in my kitchen. Marisol. Chicago, IL. Sun May 31 2026

This counter-height bar stool pairs a barrel tub design with a curved silhouette to bring a modern feel to your space. The metal frame delivers a stable foundation, while the upholstered seat and integrated backrest offer supportive comfort. A tailored profile keeps the look clean and updated, making it a seamless addition to your kitchen island or counter area. It's a great choice for gathering with family or entertaining friends over weeknight meals. Plus, the built-in footrest provides added leg support during long conversations.

Absolutely beautiful! They are heavy and easy to put together. Sabrina. Baton Rouge, LA. Wed Feb 11 2026

The high back, Bistro style stool will give your dining room or bar decor a refreshing rustic feel with its metal and wood features. This stylish metal stool features a curved back with a vertical slat and a cross brace under the seat for added support and stability. A wood seat adds comfort and beauty. The lower support brace doubles as a footrest, and the glides protect your floor by sliding smoothly when moving it. Designed for both commercial and residential use, this trend-setting setting counter height stool is a great choice for your restaurant's dining area or your home bar.

These chairs are really cute and my husband put them together without major trouble; a little time-consuming for him. Note the measurements; the wooden seats are really small. But they truly are quality and really cute in my space at a bar counter for the kitchen in our beach condo. I would recommend them.. Karen. Panama City Beach. Mon Apr 20 2026

These counter stools bring a modern to your kitchen island or bar area. they're crafted with an iron frame and splayed legs in your choice of neutral finish. The bucket-style seat with low backrests is wrapped in foam-filled faux leather upholstery for lots of cushioned support high backrest perfectly fit the human buttocks line, provide the best support for your body, while you enjoy meals and conversation with friends and family. We also love how the wraparound footrests keep your feet cozy, too. Plus, the plastic glides on the legs help protect your floors from scratches and scuffs. Accommodates up to 300 lbs.

Nice quality. Slim fit so can push together to fit more than ones with arms. The back of the chair at the base, I do catch my toe on sometimes.. Kate. Charlotte, NC. Sun Jul 12 2026

Create your own breakfast nook in the kitchen, jazz up your kitchen island, or complete that entertainment room in the basement with this colorful metal stool. When setting up a cozy space in your kitchen to enjoy a cup of joe and light breakfast, place a pair of dining stools around a square or round pub table. This trend-setting metal stool will make a great addition to your kitchen, dining room, or restaurant. You'll be pleasantly surprised how well these distressed metal counter stools blend in with your existing furnishings. Constructed to hold up in commercial settings, this dining stool will instantly modernize your restaurant, cafe, or bar by adding splashes of color. Mix and match colors and chair heights for a fun, energetic feel. Metal dining stools with backs provide a comfortable sitting experience, the full-back is ergonomically curved and includes a vertical slat. The lower support braces double as a footrest, promoting proper posture and an improved sitting experience. The curved backrest and footrest play a part equally in keeping your customers comfortable to enjoy their meals which will have them coming back for more. Whether it's time to update your employee breakroom with some colorful furniture or add durable seating to your patio furniture collection, this timeless indoor outdoor bar stool will deliver. Included drain holes prevent pooling in the center of the seat, allowing you a faster turnaround to seat customers at busy establishments. For longevity, care should be taken to protect from long periods of wet weather.

Love these, they worked perfectly in our new kitchen! Friends liked them so much that they ordered them for their kitchens as well.. Robert. Laredo. Wed Jun 10 2026

The Laimonas Backless Bar and Counter Stool is an example of a seating option that provides both comfort and style. The seat is constructed out of recycled genuine leather straps, wrapped around a metal frame, making the stool enjoyable to sit on, while also providing you with optimal support. The seat comes in a black or sand color option and the base is powder-coated to a black finish, making the stool very sleek looking and suitable for any bar and counter setting.

Look more expensive than they are, and seem well made. Seat is a little wider which is comfortable, and they are sturdy chairs. We returned because they didn't work in our space and the cognac color is slightly different in person (a little more orange, a little less tan).. Jamie. Encinitas, CA. Wed Feb 11 2026

Printing the walnut grain on metal furniture is a very ingenious design strategy, which perfectly combines the core advantages of the two materials and creates a unique and charming visual effect: The metal material itself has a sense of coldness and distance of modern industry, while the walnut wood grain in North America brings a natural warmth with its deep chocolate color and elegant mountain-shaped grain. The addition of wood grain instantly injects a sense of life and nature into the cold steel frame, making the furniture more affinity and advanced in vision and emotion, and creating an aesthetic mood of "combining rigidity with softness"

They work as they should. They look nice.. Echo. MS. Mon Jul 13 2026

This set of counter stools combines modern and industrial aesthetics for a versatile seating option in your kitchen or dining area. Featuring a low back and sleek metal legs with a matte finish, each one offers plenty of support and a minimalist footprint. The seat is made from high-quality material, and a convenient footrest on three sides gives you even more freedom of movement. Anti-slip plastic glides keep it firmly grounded while helping to prevent scratching and scuffing of floors. Each stool in this set accommodates 275 lbs.

Excellent quality counter stools - lightweight, sturdy and easy to assemble. I wish they came with more options for seat height like other stools. These are 26 inches tall from floor to seat; I would have preferred 24 inches height.. Pepa. Redmond, WA. Sun Jun 07 2026

Elevate your kitchen or bar setup with this set of three counter stools, blending mid-century style with everyday comfort. Each molded seat is upholstered in faux leather for a sleek, low-maintenance finish, while the curved low back and foam cushioning offer just the right amount of support. The black metal sled-style base adds a modern edge and includes a built-in footrest for relaxed seating. With their clean lines and versatile design, these stools are an easy fit for a variety of interiors.

Very easy to assemble! Everything was well packaged and organized. The chairs are very comfortable and wide, and the back rest feels nice too. Very happy with this purchase.. Nathaly L. El Paso, TX. Sat Jul 18 2026

This classic vintage industrial-styled bar stool is made of high-strength steel with a low backrest. The 6.7-inch low backrest makes it comfortable and relieves pressure on the waist. Durable enough for use in the shop or cafe, and stylish enough to use at home. The best choice for the kitchen, bar counter, or any occasion, and also the stalest choice for the bar or restaurant. Adding a solid wooden seat on the top of the stool to keep you from feeling cold when you sit. The back can be removed if you don't need it.