The KW-1 (also known as KV-1) is a legendary Soviet heavy tank from the Second World War. Developed as a successor to the unsuccessful T-35 multi-turret tank, the first prototypes were completed in 1939, and the vehicle entered Red Army service in 1940. Throughout its production run, approximately 4,700 to 5,000 units were built.
The tank featured a single turret design with impressive armor protection, informed by combat experience during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). At the time of its introduction, it surpassed nearly all German tanks in both armor thickness and firepower. It was powered by a single W-2K diesel engine producing up to 600 HP, giving this 42.5-ton vehicle its battlefield mobility. Its main armament consisted of a 76.2 mm ZiS-5 gun, supplemented by three 7.62 mm DT machine guns.
Despite its formidable armor and gun, the KW-1 had notable drawbacks, including poor maneuverability and a high failure rate of mechanical components, particularly the drivetrain. It was used extensively during the German-Soviet War (1941–1945), and serial production continued until 1943, running alongside T-34 production. Key variants included the KW-1s (with improved reliability and ergonomics) and the KW-85 (armed with an 85 mm D-5T gun).